Ch. TEN
TCP/IP Fundamentals
Summary
■ An IP address is used to identify a host on a TCP/IP network.
■ There are two types of IP addressing schemes: IPv4 and IPv6.
■ IPv4 uses four octets separated by periods to uniquely identify each host.
■ The decimal number located in the first octet of an IP number can identify its
class: Class A network is identified by the 0 −127 range, a Class B network by
the 128 −191 range, and a Class C network by the 192−223 range.
■ The IPv4 assignment uses a subnet mask that identifies which portion of the
IP address is the network address and which portion is the host address.
■ The three reserved, or private, IP addresses are: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and
192.168.0.0.
■ The Network Address Translation (NAT) protocol provides the technology to
allow multiple workstations to share one common Internet connection.
■ A Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) consists of a host name and a
domain name.
■ The Domain Name System (DNS) matches host and domain names to IP
addresses.
■ DNS is a hierarchical system composed of top-level domains, second-level
domains, and subdomains.
■ Servers are typically assigned a static IP address.
■ A hosts file is used to resolve computer names to IP addresses when a DNS
server is unavailable.
■ WINS matches IP addresses to NetBIOS names.
■ The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to dynamically, or
automatically, assign IP addresses to workstations.
■ Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) is a technique that temporarily
issues an IP address in the range of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.255 in case of a
DHCP server failure.
■ Four advantages of IPv6 are larger pool of Internet addresses, better security
through mandatory IPSec, better quality of service, and reduced number of
network broadcasts.
■ IPv6 uses eight sets of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers to uniquely identify each
host; it does not require a subnet mask.
■ A EUI-64 identifier serves the same purpose as a MAC address.
■ The three broad classifications of IPv6 addresses are unicast, multicast, and
anycast.
■ Link-local IPv6 addresses always start with FE80 and are not routable.
■ Site-local IPv6 addresses always start with FEC0 and are routable.
■ Unique-local IPv6 addresses begin with FD00 and are routable only within
the private network.
■ The loopback address for an IPv4 address is 127.0.0.1.
■ The loopback address for an IPv6 address is ::1.
■ A single network adapter can have more than one IPv6 addresses assigned.
■ 6to4 addresses always starts with 2002:. and are used to support communication
between IPv6 and IPv4 addresses on an IPv4 network system.
■ ISATAP is designed as a node-to-node and node-to-router technology
supporting IPv6 tunneling over an IPv4 network.
■ Teredo creates a tunnel to allow incoming IPv6 traffic through a firewall
designed for IPv4.
■ Link-layer Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) protocol uses both IPv4 and
IPv6 for name resolution through multicast.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Please do not write in this book.
1. What is the default protocol for communication across the Internet?
2. How many bytes are in an IPv4 address?
3. How many bits are in an IPv4 address?
4. How many octets are in an IPv4 address?
5. What is the range of numbers in an IPv4 octet?
6. List the IP addresses commonly assigned as private networks.
7. The _____ protocol allows an unregistered private network address to
communicate with a legally registered IP address.
8. Briefly explain how the NAT protocol works.
9. A technician using Windows 7 wishes to inspect the subnet mask used for a
workstation. How might the technician find the subnet mask information?
10. What two parts make up an FQDN?
11. What two methods are used to assign an IP address to a host?
12. Compare and contrast DNS and WINS.
13. What is contained in a typical lmhosts file?
14. What is contained in a typical hosts file?
15. Identify each of the following protocols as either connectionless or
connection-oriented.
A. TCP
B. IP
C. UDP
16. Briefly describe how TCP, UDP, and IP relate to the OSI model.
17. On what does the TCP frame rely to identify source and destination IP addresses?
18. On what does the UDP frame rely to identify source and destination IP
addresses?
19. On what does the IP frame rely to identify the source and destination MAC
addresses?
20. What is the function of DHCP?
21. Briefly describe how DHCP works.
22. What type of addressing automatically generates an IP address in the range
of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.255 if a network interface card fails to connect to
a DHCP server?
23. What port is indicated by the following address: 192.168.23.45:80?
24. What are the three broad classifications of IPv6 addresses?
25. Which IPv6 address type is similar in function as the IPv4 public addresses?
26. Which IPv6 address type serves the same function as IPv4 APIPA?
27. How is a MAC address converted to a EUI-64 address in operating systems
earlier than Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008?
28. How is the EUI-64 identifier generated in the Windows Vista, Windows 7,
and Windows Server 2008 operating systems?
29. How many bytes are represented by an IPv6 address?
30. How many bits are represented by an IPv6 address?
31. What special character is used to separate the sections of an IPv6 address?
32. What are the three transition technologies used to implement IPv6?
33. What utility is most likely used to quickly verify a connection between two
network points?
34. What TCP/IP utility can reveal the number of hops between the source and
destination host?
35. What TCP/IP utility displays current network protocol statistics, such as the
number of packets sent?
36. What TCP/IP utility displays a current listing of NetBIOS names and their
associated IP addresses?
■ An IP address is used to identify a host on a TCP/IP network.
■ There are two types of IP addressing schemes: IPv4 and IPv6.
■ IPv4 uses four octets separated by periods to uniquely identify each host.
■ The decimal number located in the first octet of an IP number can identify its
class: Class A network is identified by the 0 −127 range, a Class B network by
the 128 −191 range, and a Class C network by the 192−223 range.
■ The IPv4 assignment uses a subnet mask that identifies which portion of the
IP address is the network address and which portion is the host address.
■ The three reserved, or private, IP addresses are: 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and
192.168.0.0.
■ The Network Address Translation (NAT) protocol provides the technology to
allow multiple workstations to share one common Internet connection.
■ A Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) consists of a host name and a
domain name.
■ The Domain Name System (DNS) matches host and domain names to IP
addresses.
■ DNS is a hierarchical system composed of top-level domains, second-level
domains, and subdomains.
■ Servers are typically assigned a static IP address.
■ A hosts file is used to resolve computer names to IP addresses when a DNS
server is unavailable.
■ WINS matches IP addresses to NetBIOS names.
■ The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to dynamically, or
automatically, assign IP addresses to workstations.
■ Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) is a technique that temporarily
issues an IP address in the range of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.255 in case of a
DHCP server failure.
■ Four advantages of IPv6 are larger pool of Internet addresses, better security
through mandatory IPSec, better quality of service, and reduced number of
network broadcasts.
■ IPv6 uses eight sets of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers to uniquely identify each
host; it does not require a subnet mask.
■ A EUI-64 identifier serves the same purpose as a MAC address.
■ The three broad classifications of IPv6 addresses are unicast, multicast, and
anycast.
■ Link-local IPv6 addresses always start with FE80 and are not routable.
■ Site-local IPv6 addresses always start with FEC0 and are routable.
■ Unique-local IPv6 addresses begin with FD00 and are routable only within
the private network.
■ The loopback address for an IPv4 address is 127.0.0.1.
■ The loopback address for an IPv6 address is ::1.
■ A single network adapter can have more than one IPv6 addresses assigned.
■ 6to4 addresses always starts with 2002:. and are used to support communication
between IPv6 and IPv4 addresses on an IPv4 network system.
■ ISATAP is designed as a node-to-node and node-to-router technology
supporting IPv6 tunneling over an IPv4 network.
■ Teredo creates a tunnel to allow incoming IPv6 traffic through a firewall
designed for IPv4.
■ Link-layer Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) protocol uses both IPv4 and
IPv6 for name resolution through multicast.
Review Questions
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Please do not write in this book.
1. What is the default protocol for communication across the Internet?
2. How many bytes are in an IPv4 address?
3. How many bits are in an IPv4 address?
4. How many octets are in an IPv4 address?
5. What is the range of numbers in an IPv4 octet?
6. List the IP addresses commonly assigned as private networks.
7. The _____ protocol allows an unregistered private network address to
communicate with a legally registered IP address.
8. Briefly explain how the NAT protocol works.
9. A technician using Windows 7 wishes to inspect the subnet mask used for a
workstation. How might the technician find the subnet mask information?
10. What two parts make up an FQDN?
11. What two methods are used to assign an IP address to a host?
12. Compare and contrast DNS and WINS.
13. What is contained in a typical lmhosts file?
14. What is contained in a typical hosts file?
15. Identify each of the following protocols as either connectionless or
connection-oriented.
A. TCP
B. IP
C. UDP
16. Briefly describe how TCP, UDP, and IP relate to the OSI model.
17. On what does the TCP frame rely to identify source and destination IP addresses?
18. On what does the UDP frame rely to identify source and destination IP
addresses?
19. On what does the IP frame rely to identify the source and destination MAC
addresses?
20. What is the function of DHCP?
21. Briefly describe how DHCP works.
22. What type of addressing automatically generates an IP address in the range
of 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.255 if a network interface card fails to connect to
a DHCP server?
23. What port is indicated by the following address: 192.168.23.45:80?
24. What are the three broad classifications of IPv6 addresses?
25. Which IPv6 address type is similar in function as the IPv4 public addresses?
26. Which IPv6 address type serves the same function as IPv4 APIPA?
27. How is a MAC address converted to a EUI-64 address in operating systems
earlier than Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008?
28. How is the EUI-64 identifier generated in the Windows Vista, Windows 7,
and Windows Server 2008 operating systems?
29. How many bytes are represented by an IPv6 address?
30. How many bits are represented by an IPv6 address?
31. What special character is used to separate the sections of an IPv6 address?
32. What are the three transition technologies used to implement IPv6?
33. What utility is most likely used to quickly verify a connection between two
network points?
34. What TCP/IP utility can reveal the number of hops between the source and
destination host?
35. What TCP/IP utility displays current network protocol statistics, such as the
number of packets sent?
36. What TCP/IP utility displays a current listing of NetBIOS names and their
associated IP addresses?